I'm totally doing the "the clues were right in front of me all along!" thing right now.
I was scouring through the code just yesterday, I saw the censorText references over and
over and--nope, didn't think it was important. Lesson learned: when working on two issues at once, don't be afraid to assume they're related.
As for the question about how it can use regex-style * as wildcards instead of DB-style %... I don't think the database is actually involved here. As far as I can tell, the post information is stored in the database uncensored: when a page loads, it calls the display.php file which calls the load.php file, which pulls the information from the database and runs it through the censorText routine which--dun dun dun!--uses regular expressions. And, apparently, doesn't filter them properly for special characters within the text to be filtered. (Or maybe it does? I'll be honest, the code in that section make my eyes cross. Maybe it only has problems when you try to loop filters like Eich's substitution spell was doing.)
Why that then zeros in on 64-character links of all things, I don't know--I saw some link scrubbing routines in another file, but I think those were meant to be preparatory to inputting into the db and thus unrelated? Either way, there's very little error catching written into the load/display sections, so presumably it hit the censorText routine, ran into problems and failed to finish loading the post but continued anyway--leading to blank posts and no error logs.
Yay theories?
The issue with the over-strict profanity filter is easy enough to fix though, assuming I understand the issue correctly. So far we've been bleeping out bad words with asterisks, which have the downside of apparently also acting as wildcards. (Which is a cool thing that could probably be exploited, actually...) Assuming looping filters is permissable, all we'd have to do is replace * with a character that doesn't have special uses in regex, like - maybe. In the meantime, subject to further tweaking, I've checked the option to have it replace whole words only, so pussycat is safe while p**** should be bleeped.
P.S. Ooooohhh I love the sound of Slayer of Silence! It's all cool and mythological whilst also being goofily over the top. Trust Solo to come up with the best titles!